【摘要】 資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)企業從事建(jian)(jian)筑活動的必要(yao)(yao)條(tiao)件，但在(zai)我國(guo)現行的資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)準中(zhong)，沒(mei)有單獨(du)設(she)立(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)準。之前住(zhu)建(jian)(jian)部(bu)曾要(yao)(yao)求工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包企業具有“單資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，即(ji)具有與(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)模相適(shi)應(ying)的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計(ji)資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或者施(shi)工(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。隨著工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包市(shi)場的逐步完善和規(gui)(gui)范，住(zhu)建(jian)(jian)部(bu)、發(fa)改委聯(lian)合(he)制(zhi)定《房屋建(jian)(jian)筑和市(shi)政基礎設(she)施(shi)項(xiang)目工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包管理(li)辦(ban)法》要(yao)(yao)求“雙資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，即(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包企業需要(yao)(yao)同(tong)時具有與(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)模相適(shi)應(ying)的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計(ji)資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和施(shi)工(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)此背景下，單資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企業承(cheng)接(jie)房建(jian)(jian)和市(shi)政工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包項(xiang)目在(zai)資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件、分包行為等方(fang)面都存(cun)在(zai)合(he)法性(xing)、合(he)規(gui)(gui)性(xing)風險。

【關(guan)鍵詞(ci)】工程總承(cheng)包；資質；司法(fa)認定

資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)是主管(guan)機關監督管(guan)理(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)活動(dong)的重要措施。《中華(hua)人(ren)民共和(he)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)》（本(ben)文簡稱“《建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)》”）第(di)十(shi)三條(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)：“從事建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)活動(dong)的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)、勘察(cha)(cha)單(dan)位、設計單(dan)位和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監理(li)單(dan)位，按照其擁有的注冊資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)、專業(ye)技術人(ren)員、技術裝備和(he)已(yi)完成的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)業(ye)績等(deng)(deng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)條(tiao)件，劃分為不同的資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)等(deng)(deng)級，經(jing)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)審查合格，取得(de)相應等(deng)(deng)級的資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)證書后，方(fang)可(ke)在其資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)等(deng)(deng)級許可(ke)的范圍內從事建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)活動(dong)。”根據(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)部的資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)標準，我國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業(ye)設置(zhi)有施工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)、設計資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)、勘察(cha)(cha)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)、監理(li)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)等(deng)(deng)，但當前(qian)并未單(dan)獨設立工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承包資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)。

為促進(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)模(mo)(mo)式的發展，住(zhu)建(jian)部曾在《住(zhu)房(fang)和(he)城(cheng)鄉建(jian)設部關于進(jin)一步推進(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)發展的若干意見》建(jian)市(shi)〔2016〕93號中規(gui)定，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)企(qi)業應(ying)當具有與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)相(xiang)(xiang)適應(ying)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)(ji)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)或者施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)[1]（本(ben)文(wen)簡(jian)稱“單資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)”）。但隨著工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)市(shi)場的發展與(yu)規(gui)范，住(zhu)建(jian)部與(yu)發改委(wei)聯合制定《房(fang)屋建(jian)筑和(he)市(shi)政基礎設施項(xiang)(xiang)目工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)理辦法》 [建(jian)市(shi)規(gui)〔2019〕12號]（本(ben)文(wen)簡(jian)稱“《工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)理辦法》”），其中明確要求(qiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)企(qi)業需要同(tong)時具有與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)相(xiang)(xiang)適應(ying)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)(ji)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)[2]（本(ben)文(wen)簡(jian)稱“雙(shuang)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)”）。“雙(shuang)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)”在房(fang)建(jian)和(he)市(shi)政工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)領域的提(ti)出代表了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)模(mo)(mo)式發展的風向，在此背景(jing)下(xia)，實踐中如(ru)果以(yi)“單資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)”承(cheng)(cheng)接工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)項(xiang)(xiang)目，法院會(hui)如(ru)何認定，本(ben)文(wen)試做一探究。

由于不具(ju)備工程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包項(xiang)下全部(bu)工作(zuo)的資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)，單(dan)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)企業承(cheng)(cheng)接工程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包項(xiang)目可能會被認為存在重大過錯而承(cheng)(cheng)擔相應責(ze)任。

在(zai)(2020)甘(gan)04民終1032號案(an)件(jian)中，甲公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)作為EPC工(gong)程(cheng)總承包人沒有施工(gong)資質，將施工(gong)部分分包給乙公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)。一審(shen)法院認為：案(an)涉發(fa)包人與甲公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的《建設工(gong)程(cheng)總承包（EPC）合(he)(he)同(tong)》、甲公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)與乙公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的《建設工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)》系各方當事人真實意思表(biao)示(shi)，不(bu)違反法律、行政法規強(qiang)制性(xing)規定，應予認可。但二審(shen)甘(gan)肅省白銀市中級人民法院認為：甲公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)作為設計單(dan)位并無施工(gong)資質，發(fa)包方未盡審(shen)查義務，與甲公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)《建設工(gong)程(cheng)總承包（EPC）合(he)(he)同(tong)》，存(cun)在(zai)重大過錯，客觀上導致了違法轉(zhuan)包行為的發(fa)生，故(gu)應承擔相應責(ze)任(ren)。甲公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)作為總承包方，在(zai)明知自(zi)己無施工(gong)資質的情況下簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)總承包合(he)(he)同(tong)存(cun)在(zai)重大過錯，應承擔相應責(ze)任(ren)。

隨著“雙(shuang)資(zi)質(zhi)”的(de)出臺和(he)(he)推廣(guang)，在(zai)房建(jian)和(he)(he)市政(zheng)領域“單資(zi)質(zhi)”不符合建(jian)設行政(zheng)主(zhu)管部(bu)門對工程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)包企業的(de)資(zi)質(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)也隨之(zhi)明(ming)確(que)。根據(ju)《最高人民法(fa)(fa)院關于裁判文書引用法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)規(gui)等規(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)法(fa)(fa)律文件的(de)規(gui)定(ding)》法(fa)(fa)釋(2009)14號(hao)第六條[3]的(de)規(gui)定(ding)，法(fa)(fa)庭可以規(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)文件作為(wei)裁判說(shuo)理的(de)依據(ju)。在(zai)《工程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)包管理辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)》出臺并施行后，“雙(shuang)資(zi)質(zhi)”將作為(wei)判斷(duan)企業是否(fou)具備承(cheng)接房建(jian)和(he)(he)市政(zheng)工程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)包項目(mu)資(zi)質(zhi)條件的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)標(biao)準，也將作為(wei)司法(fa)(fa)實踐判定(ding)工程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)包合同合法(fa)(fa)性(xing)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)依據(ju)。

根據《中(zhong)華人(ren)民共和國招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)投標(biao)法》（本文簡稱“《招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)投標(biao)法》”）第(di)四十八條(tiao)第(di)二款：“中(zhong)標(biao)人(ren)按照合同約定或(huo)者(zhe)經招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)人(ren)同意，可(ke)以(yi)將中(zhong)標(biao)項目的部分(fen)非主體、非關鍵性工(gong)作分(fen)包給(gei)他人(ren)完成。接(jie)受分(fen)包的人(ren)應(ying)當具備相應(ying)的資(zi)格條(tiao)件(jian)，并不(bu)得再(zai)次分(fen)包。”但對(dui)于(yu)(yu)“單資(zi)質”企業承(cheng)接(jie)工(gong)程總(zong)承(cheng)包項目而言，因缺(que)少設(she)(she)計或(huo)施(shi)工(gong)資(zi)質，必然需要將沒有資(zi)質的部分(fen)分(fen)包出(chu)去，而對(dui)于(yu)(yu)將設(she)(she)計或(huo)施(shi)工(gong)整體分(fen)包的行為是否構成轉包、違法分(fen)包，在司法實踐(jian)中(zhong)存在不(bu)同觀點。

1. 認為將施工(gong)工(gong)作整(zheng)體(ti)分包屬于違法(fa)分包的情況

(2015)魯民一(yi)終字(zi)第199號案(an)(an)件中(zhong)(zhong)，A咨(zi)詢(xun)(xun)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是一(yi)處電(dian)廠一(yi)期工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)總承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)。而后(hou)，A咨(zi)詢(xun)(xun)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)作(zuo)為(wei)發包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)與(yu)(yu)B公(gong)司(si)簽訂《工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)》。一(yi)審(shen)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)認為(wei)：案(an)(an)涉《工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)》實為(wei)A咨(zi)詢(xun)(xun)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)將其總承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)肢解轉(zhuan)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，違(wei)反了法(fa)(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)強制性(xing)規(gui)定，合(he)(he)同(tong)無(wu)效。二審(shen)中(zhong)(zhong)A咨(zi)詢(xun)(xun)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)提交了《資(zi)質證書》，其中(zhong)(zhong)載(zai)明其業(ye)務(wu)(wu)范(fan)圍為(wei)電(dian)力行(xing)業(ye)甲級，市政行(xing)業(ye)（熱力工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)）專業(ye)甲級，可(ke)從事資(zi)質證書許(xu)可(ke)范(fan)圍內相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)以及項目管(guan)理(li)和(he)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)技術與(yu)(yu)管(guan)理(li)服務(wu)(wu)。但(dan)二審(shen)山東省高級人民法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)仍然認為(wei)：A咨(zi)詢(xun)(xun)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)雖(sui)具有(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)資(zi)質，且在(zai)與(yu)(yu)業(ye)主方(fang)簽訂的(de)(de)《總承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)作(zuo)協議書》中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)分包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)作(zuo)出(chu)約定，但(dan)案(an)(an)涉工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)地(di)基基礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)主體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)不屬于(yu)可(ke)以分包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)范(fan)圍，A咨(zi)詢(xun)(xun)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)將該部分工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)發包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給B公(gong)司(si)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，違(wei)反了法(fa)(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)禁止性(xing)規(gui)定，原審(shen)認定案(an)(an)涉《工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)》無(wu)效并無(wu)不當(dang)。

2. 認(ren)為將(jiang)設計(ji)或施工(gong)整(zheng)體(ti)分包(bao)合(he)同合(he)法有效的情況

(2019)粵01民終(zhong)14501號案(an)件中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，發電公(gong)(gong)司（發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人）與(yu)甲公(gong)(gong)司（承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人）簽訂EPC工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，甲公(gong)(gong)司具備(bei)環境工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（大(da)氣污染防治工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)）專項(xiang)甲級工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計資質(zhi)(zhi)證書，證書中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)載(zai)明其(qi)可(ke)以從(cong)事(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)。而(er)后甲公(gong)(gong)司將其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)、安裝部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)乙公(gong)(gong)司施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。一審(shen)法(fa)院(yuan)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：甲公(gong)(gong)司將上述(shu)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)涉(she)及主體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)、安裝工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)了乙公(gong)(gong)司，屬(shu)于(yu)將建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主體(ti)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無效(xiao)。二審(shen)廣東省廣州市中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)級人民法(fa)院(yuan)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)可(ke)以將承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)發包(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)具有(you)相應資質(zhi)(zhi)條件的分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)；但是，除總(zong)(zong)(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約定(ding)的分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)外，必(bi)須(xu)經建(jian)(jian)(jian)設單(dan)(dan)位(wei)認(ren)可(ke)。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)(zong)(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)的，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主體(ti)結構的施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)必(bi)須(xu)由(you)總(zong)(zong)(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)自行(xing)完成。本案(an)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，甲公(gong)(gong)司與(yu)發電公(gong)(gong)司所簽訂的合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。甲公(gong)(gong)司作為(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)，其(qi)經建(jian)(jian)(jian)設單(dan)(dan)位(wei)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意將施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)的行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)并未違反上述(shu)規定(ding)，屬(shu)于(yu)合(he)(he)法(fa)有(you)效(xiao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。一審(shen)法(fa)院(yuan)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)涉(she)案(an)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無效(xiao)，系因對合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)認(ren)定(ding)錯誤而(er)導致(zhi)適用法(fa)律錯誤。

綜合(he)上述裁判觀點，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)范圍是否屬于(yu)(yu)“主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)”是人民法(fa)院判斷工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商(shang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)行(xing)為(wei)效力的(de)焦點。對于(yu)(yu)單(dan)獨的(de)設(she)計合(he)同(tong)或(huo)(huo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)，主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)相對容易判斷，但(dan)對于(yu)(yu)復合(he)了設(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)等多環節的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)，何為(wei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)項目(mu)的(de)“主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)”司法(fa)裁判中觀點不一。在《工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)管理辦法(fa)》規(gui)定(ding)“雙(shuang)資(zi)質(zhi)”要求后(hou)，房建和市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)項目(mu)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)也應隨之明確，即包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)設(she)計和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。此外(wai)，結合(he)《招標(biao)投(tou)標(biao)法(fa)》中關于(yu)(yu)禁止中標(biao)人將主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)、關鍵性工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)的(de)相關規(gui)定(ding)。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商(shang)不得再(zai)將設(she)計或(huo)(huo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)全部或(huo)(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)[4]。

根據(ju)《建筑法》二十(shi)九條第三款(kuan)(kuan)[5]以(yi)及(ji)根據(ju)《招標(biao)投(tou)標(biao)法》第四十(shi)八(ba)條第二款(kuan)(kuan)的規定(ding)，分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位(wei)的再(zai)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)被嚴令禁止。單資質(zhi)工程(cheng)總承包(bao)(bao)(bao)商選擇(ze)設計或施工分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位(wei)后，分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位(wei)再(zai)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)的做法是否(fou)構成違法分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)，在司法認定(ding)中存在不同(tong)觀點。

1. 認為工程總(zong)承包(bao)商(shang)項(xiang)下分包(bao)商(shang)再分包(bao)屬于違法分包(bao)的情況

(2021)新民終(zhong)30號(hao)案(an)(an)(an)件(jian)，建(jian)(jian)設(she)方與A設(she)計(ji)(ji)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)（工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方）簽(qian)訂(ding)EPC工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)同(tong)，A設(she)計(ji)(ji)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)將(jiang)I標段(duan)(duan)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)(gei)B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)又與C公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)簽(qian)訂(ding)《施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)同(tong)》，將(jiang)煙(yan)囪土(tu)方、基礎、基礎表面防(fang)腐(fu)涂料、混凝土(tu)簡鋼(gang)(gang)內筒(tong)、煙(yan)囪高耐溫防(fang)腐(fu)漆、鋼(gang)(gang)結構附(fu)件(jian)、煙(yan)囪照明等建(jian)(jian)筑安(an)(an)裝工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)(gei)C公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)。一(yi)審(shen)法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)認為：B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)與案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方之間并(bing)無直接(jie)合(he)同(tong)關(guan)系，B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)僅為案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)動力(li)裝置項目設(she)計(ji)(ji)、采(cai)購、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)（EPC）Ⅰ標段(duan)(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方，非(fei)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)位(wei)。因此B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)又將(jiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)(gei)C公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，屬(shu)于(yu)將(jiang)其承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)再(zai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，《施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)同(tong)》屬(shu)于(yu)違法(fa)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)同(tong)，應屬(shu)無效(xiao)合(he)同(tong)。二(er)審(shen)中(zhong)，B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)認為，EPC模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)下建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)賦予(yu)EPC總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)位(wei)A設(she)計(ji)(ji)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作自由，并(bing)取得建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)權利(li)，可(ke)以采(cai)取專業分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)進行(xing)(xing)，B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)據此取得了案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)權利(li)，且經EPC總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)位(wei)A設(she)計(ji)(ji)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)同(tong)意將(jiang)案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)非(fei)主體(ti)、非(fei)關(guan)鍵性的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)(gei)了C公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)進行(xing)(xing)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)《施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)同(tong)》合(he)法(fa)有(you)效(xiao)。二(er)審(shen)新疆維(wei)吾(wu)爾自治區(qu)高級人民法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)認為EPC總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種，并(bing)非(fei)可(ke)以代替發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人或工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)概念。B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)作為案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)Ⅰ標段(duan)(duan)-＃1、2機組建(jian)(jian)筑安(an)(an)裝及公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用系統建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人，又將(jiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)再(zai)次分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)(gei)C公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，屬(shu)于(yu)違法(fa)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。 

2. 認為工程(cheng)總(zong)承包商項下分包商再分包合法有效的情況

 (2014)酒(jiu)肅(su)(su)法民二初(chu)字178號案(an)件中，發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)與(yu)A公司(si)簽訂《總承(cheng)包（EPC）合(he)同(tong)》。A公司(si)將承(cheng)包的(de)部(bu)分工(gong)程(cheng)分包給B公司(si)，B公司(si)又將該工(gong)程(cheng)分包給C公司(si)。甘肅(su)(su)省酒(jiu)泉市肅(su)(su)州區(qu)人(ren)民法院認為(wei)，發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)與(yu)A公司(si)，A公司(si)與(yu)B公司(si)，B公司(si)與(yu)C公司(si)之間形(xing)成的(de)建設工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)合(he)同(tong)，系當事人(ren)真(zhen)實意(yi)思的(de)表示，合(he)同(tong)并(bing)不(bu)違反相關法律、行政法規的(de)強制性規定，為(wei)有效合(he)同(tong)。

綜(zong)合上(shang)述觀點(dian)(dian)，在(2021)新(xin)(xin)民終30號案件中(zhong)，新(xin)(xin)疆高院指出工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)并非是可(ke)(ke)以替代發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人或(huo)建設單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)概念，認(ren)為施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)再(zai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)屬于違法分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)。而(er) (2014)酒肅法民二(er)初字178號案件中(zhong)，法院卻認(ren)可(ke)(ke)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)再(zai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)合同的(de)(de)效(xiao)力。在《工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)管理辦法》規定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)需(xu)要(yao)具備“雙資質”要(yao)求后，上(shang)述不(bu)同觀點(dian)(dian)以后在房建和市政類項(xiang)目(mu)可(ke)(ke)以得到有效(xiao)統一(yi)。在設計和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作由工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)自行完成的(de)(de)情景下，非主體、非關鍵性工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作可(ke)(ke)以進行一(yi)次分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)不(bu)存(cun)在疑問，而(er)接(jie)下來分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)不(bu)得將其承包(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)再(zai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)隨(sui)之明(ming)確。

綜上，在司法認定中，“單(dan)(dan)資質(zhi)”企業承(cheng)接工程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)項(xiang)目(mu)在資質(zhi)條件(jian)、分(fen)包(bao)行(xing)為等方面存(cun)在許多爭議，在《工程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)管理辦法》施行(xing)后，單(dan)(dan)資質(zhi)企業承(cheng)接房(fang)建(jian)和市政工程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)項(xiang)目(mu)與主管部門的(de)最新要(yao)求背道而馳，更是存(cun)在合規性風險(xian)，因此應避免以(yi)“單(dan)(dan)資質(zhi)”中標該領域(yu)項(xiang)目(mu)。發承(cheng)包(bao)雙方可以(yi)參考(kao)做好以(yi)下幾個方面：

1. 發包(bao)人應當根據《工(gong)程(cheng)總承包(bao)管理辦法》中(zhong)的規定，在招標(biao)時要求(qiu)投標(biao)人具備“雙資質(zhi)”條件。一方面可(ke)以保障工(gong)程(cheng)總承包(bao)項目實施(shi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)設(she)計與(yu)施(shi)工(gong)的深度(du)融合，另(ling)一方面則可(ke)以有效避免單資質(zhi)下主體結構分包(bao)和二次(ci)分包(bao)帶來的法律風險。

2. 投標人應當在招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投標階段(duan)審(shen)慎審(shen)查招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標要求(qiu)，對于要求(qiu)不(bu)明確(que)之(zhi)處及時提(ti)出澄清，確(que)保資質條件滿(man)足招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標要求(qiu)。同時注(zhu)重過程中與(yu)行政(zheng)主管部門的(de)溝通，充分了(le)解當地關(guan)于工程總(zong)承包項目招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投標、合同簽約等方(fang)面的(de)監(jian)(jian)管尺(chi)度，由此(ci)可提(ti)前預(yu)防(fang)在行政(zheng)監(jian)(jian)管層面可能出現的(de)合規性風險。

3. 工程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商應嚴格審查分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單位(wei)資質，擬分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的專業(ye)工程(cheng)需要在工程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合同中約定或(huo)在實施過(guo)程(cheng)中提前(qian)獲得建設單位(wei)的同意。重點管控(kong)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單位(wei)的執行(xing)情況，禁止分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單位(wei)將其承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的工程(cheng)再(zai)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。

4. 單資質企業積極申請雙資質，或與其他企業組成聯合體。單資質工程總承包人將沒有資質的設計或施工整體分包在司法實踐中可能被認定為違法分包，存在重大風險。而如果不分包，單資質企業又缺少實施相應工作的資質條件。因此補齊資質后再承接工程總承包項目成為解決矛盾的關鍵。《工程(cheng)總承(cheng)包管理辦(ban)法(fa)》第十二條[6]為單資質企業申請雙資質開辟了通道，而且規定完成的相應規模的工程總承包業績可以作為設計、施工業績申報。同時該文件第十條也支持設計單位與施工單位組成聯合體，以補齊資質。當前聯合體形式已經在工程總承包市場中被廣泛應用，有效地推動了工程總承包模式的發展。以聯合體參與工程總承包項目，有利于設計與施工的深度融合，可以充分發揮工程總承包模式的優勢。

5.《工(gong)程(cheng)總承包(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)理辦法》適(shi)用于房屋(wu)建(jian)筑(zhu)和市政基礎設施項(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)總承包(bao)(bao)活動，“雙資質(zhi)”要求的(de)施行存在著(zhu)專(zhuan)業領(ling)域(yu)適(shi)用性爭(zheng)議(yi)。根(gen)據《建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理條(tiao)(tiao)例》第(di)2條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)2款的(de)規(gui)定，建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)包(bao)(bao)括土木工(gong)程(cheng)、建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)、線路管(guan)(guan)道和設備安(an)裝工(gong)程(cheng)及裝修(xiu)工(gong)程(cheng)。因此，其他專(zhuan)業領(ling)域(yu)在該(gai)問(wen)題上的(de)適(shi)用，需要結合具體(ti)規(gui)定做(zuo)進一(yi)步(bu)研究和探討。

[1] 《住房和(he)城鄉建設部(bu)關于(yu)進一步(bu)推進工(gong)程總(zong)(zong)(zong)承包發展的若干意見》建市(shi)〔2016〕93號(hao)（七）工(gong)程總(zong)(zong)(zong)承包企(qi)業的基(ji)本條件(jian)。工(gong)程總(zong)(zong)(zong)承包企(qi)業應當具有與工(gong)程規模相適(shi)應的工(gong)程設計(ji)資質(zhi)(zhi)或者施(shi)工(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)，相應的財(cai)務、風險承擔能力，同時具有相應的組織(zhi)機構、項目管(guan)理(li)(li)體系、項目管(guan)理(li)(li)專業人員和(he)工(gong)程業績。

[2] 《房(fang)屋建(jian)筑(zhu)和(he)(he)市政(zheng)基礎設(she)施(shi)(shi)項(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包管理(li)辦(ban)法》 [建(jian)市規(gui)〔2019〕12號] 第十條 工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包單位(wei)應當(dang)同時具(ju)有與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)模(mo)相(xiang)適應的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計資(zi)質(zhi)和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)質(zhi)，或(huo)者由具(ju)有相(xiang)應資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)設(she)計單位(wei)和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)組成(cheng)聯合體。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包單位(wei)應當(dang)具(ju)有相(xiang)應的(de)項(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)體系和(he)(he)項(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)能(neng)力(li)(li)、財務和(he)(he)風險承(cheng)(cheng)擔能(neng)力(li)(li)，以(yi)及與(yu)(yu)發包工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)類似的(de)設(she)計、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)或(huo)者工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包業(ye)績。

設計單(dan)位(wei)和施工單(dan)位(wei)組成聯(lian)合(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)的，應當根據項目的特點和復雜程(cheng)(cheng)度，合(he)(he)理確定牽(qian)頭單(dan)位(wei)，并在(zai)聯(lian)合(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)協議(yi)中明確聯(lian)合(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)成員單(dan)位(wei)的責任和權利(li)。聯(lian)合(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)各(ge)方應當共(gong)同(tong)與建(jian)設單(dan)位(wei)簽訂(ding)工程(cheng)(cheng)總承包合(he)(he)同(tong)，就工程(cheng)(cheng)總承包項目承擔(dan)連帶責任。

[3] 《最高人民法(fa)院(yuan)關于(yu)裁判文(wen)(wen)書引用法(fa)律、法(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)等(deng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范性法(fa)律文(wen)(wen)件的規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定》法(fa)釋(2009)14號 第六條：對于(yu)本規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定第三條、第四條、第五條規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定之外的規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范性文(wen)(wen)件，根(gen)據審理案件的需要，經審查認定(ding)為合法有效(xiao)的，可以作為裁判說理(li)的依據(ju)。

[4] 朱樹英,曹(cao)珊,韓如波.法律出版(ban)社.《房(fang)屋建筑和市政(zheng)基礎設施(shi)項目工程(cheng)總承包管理辦法理解與(yu)適(shi)用》第324頁(ye)。

[5] 《中華(hua)人民共和國建筑法》二(er)十九條第(di)三款：禁止總承包(bao)單(dan)位將工(gong)程分包(bao)給不具(ju)備相(xiang)應資質條件的(de)單(dan)位。禁止分包(bao)單(dan)位將其承包(bao)的(de)工(gong)程再分包(bao)。

[6]《房屋建(jian)(jian)筑和市政基礎設施項目工(gong)(gong)程總承(cheng)包(bao)管理辦(ban)法》 [建(jian)(jian)市規(gui)〔2019〕12號] 第十二(er)條 鼓(gu)勵(li)設計(ji)單(dan)(dan)位申請(qing)取(qu)得施工(gong)(gong)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，已取(qu)得工(gong)(gong)程設計(ji)綜(zong)合資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、行(xing)業甲級(ji)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程專業甲級(ji)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)單(dan)(dan)位，可以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)申請(qing)相應(ying)(ying)類(lei)別施工(gong)(gong)總承(cheng)包(bao)一級(ji)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。鼓(gu)勵(li)施工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位申請(qing)取(qu)得工(gong)(gong)程設計(ji)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，具有一級(ji)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上施工(gong)(gong)總承(cheng)包(bao)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)單(dan)(dan)位可以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)申請(qing)相應(ying)(ying)類(lei)別的(de)工(gong)(gong)程設計(ji)甲級(ji)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。完成的(de)相應(ying)(ying)規(gui)模(mo)工(gong)(gong)程總承(cheng)包(bao)業績可以(yi)(yi)作為設計(ji)、施工(gong)(gong)業績申報。

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